Third World History Essays - Famine, Population, Poverty, Rau

Third World History When someone mentions the state of Africa the first thoughts that enter your mind is poverty, poor government structure, and hungry people. But that has not always been the case. This was a rich, resourceful and beautiful country. The picture of pre-colonial Africa is much different than our ideals of it today. We see it as a land stricken with poverty. The colonists saw it as a land with unlimited resources full of people that did not take, what they thought was full advantage of its treasures. Europeans used agricultural and religious differences to create a gulf between them and the Africans. Using such differences Europe colonized Africa for the ever growing European market. The depletion of the African resources forced the people into a food crises. The only hope exists is the organization from within the rural class. Such organizations are fighting for basic human rights and others are coming together to make labor sharing possible. Pre-colonial Africa was full of resourceful and time honored farmers that knew the land that their ancestors have given them. They had the ability to know exactly which seeds and what soil to use under various planting conditions to produce not just enough food to keep their tribes alive, but produce a substantial surplus in event of a natural caused or political drought. Bill Rau states The ability of African people to feed themselves was based on a intimate knowledge of the resources needed for agricultural production. (p 22) He is trying to say that these people knew their land. A land that has its uncertainty. Weather that has an ability to wipe out tribes, and unpredictable political structure were all hurdles that these gifted farmers has to endure. As Europe was going through an industrial boom, their markets started to expand. Capitalists saw that it became harder maintain the profit at the current level. Outside resources and raw materials that were used for production were needed. Africa was the answer. Bill Rau writes The increasing demand and competition for both resources and markets among Europes capitalist economies led them to carve out territories in Africa that offered the prospect of vast mineral and agricultural wealth.(p 29) What Bill Rau is saying is that, for the capitalist to survive he must maintain a high profit. In order for him to achieve that goal he must expand his resource market at all cost. This is one of the first contributing factors to the colonization of Africa. Colonialism was the tool for the European market demand being met. Once the decision to colonize Africa was made, the colonist had to establish an explanation for the colonial takeover of Africa. Two main differences between the cultures were found and exploited. The first is the production of food. Africa was an agricultural country, depending on every person to accomplish its share of the work. Weather it may be making tools to picking crops, every person was a contributing factor towards the production of valuable resources. Europe on the other hand was a industrial society depending on division of labor as a production of their needs. Labor was central to production, which was overwhelmingly agricultural, while in Europe labor became subordinate to machines and the value of labor and machines was redirected to the owners of capital(p 29) Rau states. He is stating that every African had an important role in the production of resources for the well-being of the community. Europe on the other hand was geared on private profit. The second difference between the cultures is their religious views. Europeans felt that they were blessed with god giving them Christianity. Africans prayed to pagan gods. This created a big gap between the two cultures. Bill Rau stated that The economic forces of imperialism were integrated with perceived moral issues - saving African pagans from their idolatry for Christianity (p 30) Christians felt that they were so right about everything, including religion that must not just teach, but force their ideology on the Africans. The fact that the African people used old methods of production, and different form of religion, doesnt mean that they are wrong. These are the reasons that the colonist

Free Essays on Viktor E. Frankl---“Mans Search 4 Meaning“

â€Å"Prisoners with a vision beyond the torture had a mission to survive†. What is the meaning to one’s life? Viktor Frankl tries to answer this question that has overwhelmed mankind for centuries. Frankls book is divided into three sections that begins with his own experiences of the concentration camps and the relative stories of lost hope or gained hope. The last two sections cover logotherapy, the way it works and the many cases that he thinks logotherapy provides success. The first stage of the book people were treated in a manner that was cruel, senseless and for which there was no frame of reference. All their choices were taken away. They were treated as a sub-human, much like objects or worthless vermin. Ther... Free Essays on Viktor E. Frankl---â€Å"Man's Search 4 Meaningâ€Å" Free Essays on Viktor E. Frankl-â€Å"Man's Search 4 Meaningâ€Å" â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning† While reading Viktor E. Frankls, â€Å"Man’s Search for Meaning†, I discovered many thesis’s. I’m only going to share the few that I thought really caught my eye. â€Å"(Of the inmates) it can be said that they were worthy of their sufferings; the way they bore their sufferings was genuine inner achievement. It is this spiritual freedom-which cannot be taken awaythat makes life meaningful and purposeful† (Frankl, pg 87). â€Å"The prisoner who had lost faith in the future-his futurewas doomed. With his loss of belief in the future, he also lost his spiritual hold; he let himself decline and became subject to mental and physical decay† (Frankl, pg 95). â€Å"It was a question of getting them to realize that life was still expecting something from them; something in the future was expected of them. This uniqueness and singleness which distinguishes each individual and gives a meaning to his existence has a bearing on creative work as much as it does on human love† (Frankl, pgs 100-101). I think that Frankl was trying to tell his reads, if you would give up in the concentration camps that there was no reason to even try to live. In Frankls words â€Å"Prisoners with a vision beyond the torture had a mission to survive†. What is the meaning to one’s life? Viktor Frankl tries to answer this question that has overwhelmed mankind for centuries. Frankls book is divided into three sections that begins with his own experiences of the concentration camps and the relative stories of lost hope or gained hope. The last two sections cover logotherapy, the way it works and the many cases that he thinks logotherapy provides success. The first stage of the book people were treated in a manner that was cruel, senseless and for which there was no frame of reference. All their choices were taken away. They were treated as a sub-human, much like objects or worthless vermin. Ther...

Leadership in Ambulance Services Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 5

Leadership in Ambulance Services - Term Paper Example It needs to exercise discretion when transferring patients to primary trusts or hospitals across the City of London because it is one of the parties responsible for overcrowding in health institutions. It is a known fact that demand for LAS service fluctuates between seasons. Sometimes the institution may be overwhelmed with calls from various parts of the City. It is tempting for employees to simply follow the usual routine when dealing with rising demand. This creates a backlog in corresponding hospitals. Workers need to think of new ways to deal with overwhelming demand. Additionally, funding for acute services from the NHS has been reducing dramatically over the past few years. Therefore, the LAS cannot respond to this issue by using resource-intensive approaches. It is only possible to minimize patient waiting times at hospitals and other partner institutions through alternative methods of response. One such strategy is the Clinical Telephone Advice method, which will be the focus of this change management process (Snooks et. al., 2004). In order to ensure that members of the ambulance service understand the implications of this problem, they will be told about it by their respective supervisors. Each leader will be responsible for ensuring that employees understand why the status quo cannot prevail. They are likely to understand the implications of this when they realize that they are doing too much already. Workers will welcome the opportunity to reduce the backlog in corresponding health institutions through this approach. Furthermore, senior leaders will also be expected to demonstrate the same urgency by pointing out the need for alternate methods of response.   It is not possible to lead this change process alone. As a leader, one cannot develop the vision for change single-handedly.

Developing Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Developing Professional Practice - Essay Example The new large scale retailers took three forms: department stores, co-operative societies and multiple chains (Jenkins, Johnson and Watson, 1997, p.1). It is estimated to boost in size by 15% in the next five years. UK retail industry contributes towards the 8% of the UK’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which involves mounting success of UK retailers overseas and the growth of e-commerce which accomplishes far beyond borders of United Kingdom. It also accounted for 4.5 million part-time and full-time equivalent jobs (Hillingdon, 2012, p.1). Hypermarkets like Asda and Tesco are proficient to capture wide customer base due to their diversified offerings. Along with Asda and Tesco, Morrison and Sainsbury’s also accounted for a market share of more than 80% of retail food sales in the United Kingdom. Travis Perkins Plc operates as a builder’s merchant and home improvement retailer in the United Kingdom. It is a leading company in the builders’ merchant and home improvement markets and is the largest supplier of building materials in the United Kingdom. ... This report will focus on the core structural elements of the retail industry and the main challenges currently facing by the retail industry in the United Kingdom. Core Structural Elements The core structural element of the Retail industry in the United Kingdom comprises of the key players who have captured a broad customer base because of their diversified offerings. To name a few, these were Tesco, Asda, Travis Perkins plc, J Sainsbury plc, Co-operative Group Ltd, Marks & Spencer Group plc and HMV Group plc. There are also recent developments experienced in the retail industry and because of such developments the UK retailers are considered to be the largest retailers in the world. Key Stakeholders In United Kingdom, the key players in the retail sector were Tesco plc, Asda, Travis Perkins plc, J Sainsbury plc, Co-operative Group Ltd, Marks & Spencer Group plc and HMV Group plc. Tesco plc is an international supermarket chain based in United Kingdom. It has acquired first position in UK retail market. The core purpose of the company is to create value for the customers in order to receive their lifetime loyalty. It is the largest British retailer by both domestic market share and global sales. The main product of the company includes financial services, groceries, life insurance and telecom. Their strategies involve looking after employees of the company so that they can serve the customers in a better way. It accounts for 42.8 billion pounds in terms of revenue and 2,480 million pound in terms of trading profit (Annual Report, 2012, p.1). Travis Perkins plc operates as a builder’s merchant and home improvement retailer in the United Kingdom. The purpose for the existence of Travis Perkins is to create wealth for the

Systematic and Unsystematic Risks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Systematic and Unsystematic Risks - Essay Example This makes multi-national corporations safer compared to their domestic counterparts. Normally, systematic risk assessment are important for listed companies to effectively price the equities, determining the cost of capital and effective evaluation of projects. However, internationalization also poses some distinct systematic risks to multi-national corporations. Some of these distinct risks are - exposure to currency fluctuations in multiple countries, exposure to political risks pertaining to multiple governments, exposure to reduction in ability of monitoring managers in multiple countries, increased chances of asymmetric & inaccurate localized information thus resulting in wrong investment decisions, etc. Internationalizing investment portfolios also increases the exposure to unsystematic risks - like competitor activity in a foreign country, manager's foul play in another country where the company's monitoring system is weak, etc. Hence, it is important for the organization to have sound global knowledge base & threat database for risk management. Organization structures with distributed power often increases the exposure to both systematic and non-systematic risks. This is the reason that Chatterjee and Lubatkin et al (1992. pp155) felt that vertical mergers reduces the exposure to both systematic and non-systematic risks. They also observed that vertically integrated companies are able to manage lower cost of capitals thus enabling the integrated company to participate in a wider set of opportunities. Hence, multi-national companies with centralized corporate governance and risk management possess lesser exposure to both systematic and unsystematic risks compared to companies having distributed (country specific) risk management & power structures. Cornell (1999. pp198-199) presented a correlation between risk duration and capital budgeting stating that long term projects may be having higher risks if the variations in cash flow is stochastic in nature. Such projects make estimations of discounted cash flow quite difficult and hence the author recommended discounting of long term projects at higher rates. This is the reason that investors normally prefer to invest in short term projects guaranteeing quick returns. Discussions on Risk Management in Deloitte The above analysis of risk exposures of multi-national corporations has been carried out to build analogy with Deloitte in which the author works as partner in Croatia. Deloitte is the largest and oldest multi-national corporation in risk advisory and audit services. Deloitte operates in multiple countries across the world through a tightly controlled "Franchisee" model in which local entrepreneurs are allowed to manage local business based on local market strategies but the risk management, code of conduct and operating methodology is largely governed globally by centralized power centers. The organization possesses a global knowledge base for risk management and allows diversification of portfolios in multiple coun

Gregorian Chant

Gregorian Chant The Development and Evolution of Gregorian Chant For centuries, Gregorian chant was considered the official music of the Catholic Church. Naturally, this degree of importance placed on the genre gives it considerable significance, both religious and cultural. Its exact beginnings, however, are not absolutely known. Also, chant has changed over time due to it being based on practices of the Church, which have also changed over time due to decrees by various popes, agendas of monastic orders, and the influences of and intermingling of cultures, such as the Franks, Romans, and Byzantines. Although the name of Gregorian chant is derived from Pope Gregory I â€Å"The Great†, it has its roots much earlier in history, predating Christianity. In fact, Christian chant is believed to have been originally derived from Judaism, as there was a considerable amount of common ground between Jewish and early Christian liturgies (Werner 20). This is seen through writings of the early church which show that the early Christian church was heavily influenced by Hebrew worship (Barton). However, there is little information available from chants of early centuries compared to Gregorian chant and other chants of later centuries (Hiley 478). One reason for this is that musical notation for chants of this time did not exist, for at this time chants were an entirely oral rather than written tradition. Also contributing to this lack of information is that early Christians were persecuted, forcing private worship until the Edict of Milan of 313, which gave Christians the right of freed om of worship in Rome (484). Due to this freedom, Christianity could afford to become more formalized and organized, its music included. There is further ambiguity surrounding the specific origins of Gregorian chant in considering Pope Gregory himself. What Gregorys influence was on Gregorian chant is debatable, as there is limited evidence supporting that he either had a great deal of influence on the genre, such as directly composing chants, or virtually none (513). However, two pieces of evidence support a common theory of his involvement in the creation of Gregorian chant that was known throughout the Middle Ages, which are two books written by Pope Gregory. These two books, entitled Antiphonarium and Graduale Romanum, are compilations of already existing chants that Pope Gregory designated for specific parts of Catholic mass which supports the theory that his involvement was limited to such compilations (D‘Silva). An example of Gregorys ordering to use specific music in liturgy is him mandating that the Allelulia be used during mass for an entire year (Apel 41). Despite the lack of specific information concerning the beginnings of chant that would later evolve to become Gregorian chant, the origins of Gregorian chant as it was known throughout the Middle Ages are more clear, as music books, although they still were not musically notated, of the genre were created by the Franks at around the 9th century, making the genre easier to trace through history to that point (Hiley 514). Note that it was not until the 10th century that sources were created containing musical notation, namely being musically annotated Graduals and Antiphonals from the Codex 359 (Apel 52). Also, it was not until the 11th century that music was annotated in a way so that tunes could be read (53). In addition to these musical books, various manuscripts were written that outlined liturgical proceedings, allowing for further clarification of the specifics of Gregorian chant (53). The peoples who ruled the area that is roughly present-day France played a large role in forming Gregorian chant to what it is, from the Franks to the Carolingians (Hiley 512). This started under the rule of the Frank king Pepin, who lead the Franks to control much of Europe through military conquest, spreading the culture of chant to the Franks, and also causing reforms to Gregorian chant by the Franks and their successors (513). In addition to causing chant to be more widespread, the intervention of the Franks also caused Gregorian chant to evolve from further influences (513). Not only did the influence of the Franks allow the beginnings of Gregorian chant to be seen more easily, as was described previously, but their musical texts also show the original motives behind its development, the main motive being to help control how the liturgy was run by assigning specific chants to certain parts of the liturgy, as was done by Pope Gregory (515). In the case of the Franks (namely Pepin and also Charlemagne), the reasoning behind trying to control the specifics of the liturgy was so that it would become standardized since many members of the church were influenced by their own local traditions in structuring the liturgy, which Frank leadership was trying to suppress (Barbon). Of course, due to the amount of time between Pope Gregorys writings and the adoption of chant by the Frankish church (300 years), it can be safely assumed that the liturgical assignments of the Franks were different than those of Pope Gregory. More changes were made as well in Gregorian chant, including the style of singing, such as the combining of both Roman and Frankish singers, although eventually a return to a more Roman styled liturgy and type of singing occurred among the Franks (Hiley 517). Since writing texts for the chants was still not common practice and musical notation for them did not yet exist, it follows that the Franks had to learn Roman liturgy and chants by memory when this shift back to strictly Roman liturgy occurred. This also denotes that the number of chants that were used and popular were not too numerous at this point in time, as they could still be all memorized. Despite the shift back to a Roman style liturgy, over the years and into the 9th century to the start of the rule of the Carolingians, who succeeded the Franks, Gregorian chant continued to evolve as new musical elements were added to the genre by the Franks and more compositions were created (Hiley 517). Some of these changes were brought on by outside influences on Gregorian chant, such as by the Byzantines, who developed the eight mode system (529). The fact that the amount of compositions of Gregorian chant were increasing can be tied in with the development of written musical texts around this time period, causing Gregorian chant to shift away from a strictly oral tradition, for it would no longer be possible to memorize all of the chants necessary as their numbers grew. As the popularity of Gregorian chant grew, it underwent several more reforms and evolutions, mostly during the 12th and 13th centuries (Hiley 608). An example of such a reform was more specific notation being used in writing chant, which included specifying pitch, among other specific musical elements (608). Another reform was the tendency to drift away from previous melodies of the Middle Ages, creating a type of chant called â€Å"Neo-Gallican† chant (609). Many of these changes made to Gregorian chant were initiated by various orders, two major ones being the Cistercians, who believed in performing the liturgy as it was done originally, and the Dominicans, whose reforms, like the efforts of many before it, were aimed at standardizing the liturgy (612). Gregorian chant did not enjoy constant growth and popularity, however. After the 12th century, the popularity and growth of Gregorian chant started to wane, presumably due to a period of reduced popularity of the Catholic Church (DSilva). Also, around the 16th century the Catholic Church was threatened by Protestantism, which also played a part in decreasing the popularity of the church, thus affecting the popularity of traditional monastic liturgies and music (Hiley 615). Another such period of decadence for the church and for Gregorian chant was during the age of Enlightenment, as less emphasis was placed on the church and God and instead more on the individual and reason. As a result of this new ideology, the power and influence of the church began to decline. In addition to the general ideology of the time, another reason for the decline of the Church was the political struggle caused by the French Revolution, which caused a reform in the French church so that it no longer observed previous monastic traditions (Bergeron xii). Due to Gregorian chants close association with the church, its popularity began to decline as well (Barton). This causes yet another obstacle in acquiring information about Gregorian chant and thus makes it more difficult to interpret today as the knowledge of how to interpret various medieval musical notations was lost (Barton). A large factor of why Gregorian chant did not die out completely is the involvement of monks at the French monastery at Solesmes, and other such monasteries, who during the 19th century were commissioned by Pope St. Pius X to modernize Gregorian chant (DSilva). They achieved this by removing the strict association that Gregorian chant had with the church, secularizing it and adding a meditative, â€Å"trancelike appeal† (DSilva). In the end, Gregorian chant was changed to be more akin to classical Roman chant than the Gregorian chant of the Middle Ages. As a result, the chant that is known today as Gregorian chant is more similar to early plainchant rather than what was originally dubbed as â€Å"Gregorian chant† (DSilva). As a result of this change of the style of Gregorian chant, along with the declining power of the Catholic Church and thus the popularity of Gregorian chant, it is difficult to know what Gregorian chant of the Middle Ages exactly sounded like (Barton). Another factor that contributes to this is the lack of musical notation with text in the Middle Ages, and that some of the notation that does exist from the time period cannot be interpreted due to these periods of decrease in popularity. Overall, the fact that chant was originally a purely oral tradition that consisted of few enough chants that could be memorized, along with Gregorian chants affiliation with a religion that was originally persecuted and later declining in popularity, contributes to the murkiness of the origins of Gregorian chant. Also, the fact that Christianity underwent significant changes from the time of its conception to modern times results in equally significant changes occurring in the style of music that was so closely affiliated with its prominent church, even causing Gregorian chant to nearly die out on several occasions in history. However, despite the several bouts of decrease in popularity that Gregorian chant experienced, it is currently one of the oldest forms of music that is actively listened to today (DSilva). Also, the many changes that Gregorian chant underwent throughout history makes it very unique, as it cannot be entirely attributed to any specific event, person, or even nation or empire. Instead, as David Hiley states, â€Å"†¦Gregorian chant is neither of one specific time, nor wholly Roman, nor wholly anything else† (Hiley 513). Works Cited Apel, Willi. Gregorian Chant. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990. Print. Barton, Louis W. G.. The Culture of Medieval Music Calligraphy: Historical Background of Neume Notation / The Neume Notation Project.. scribeserver.com. N.p., 8 Dec. 2003. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. . Bergeron, Katherine. Decadent Enchantments: The Revival of Gregorian Chant at Solesmes (California Studies in 19th Century Music). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. Print. DSilva, Neil Valentine. The History Of Gregorian Chant. Buzzle Web Portal: Intelligent Life on the Web. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2009. . Hiley, David. Western Plainchant: A Handbook. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 1995. Print. Werner, Eric. The Sacred Bridge: The Interdependence of Liturgy Music in Synagogue and Church During the First Millenium. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1960. Print.

Cinema as Intertext in Midnight’s Children Essay -- Essays Papers

Cinema as Intertext in Midnight’s Children Saleem in Midnight’s Children makes an accurate evaluation of India when he states, â€Å"Nobody from Bombay should be without a basic film vocabulary† (Rushdie 33). Bollywood, the capital of the film industry in India, is the largest manufacturer of motion pictures in the world. A large percentage of the films are either mythical romances or musicals and often they last longer than three hours in length. While watching Indian cinema would be a painful ordeal for Western audiences, Indians embrace the industry and are very proud of their cinema heritage. Indians would argue that it is the distinct differences in Bollywood filmmaking that sets India apart from the Western world. It is the desire to separate themselves from Western culture that makes the Bollywood film industry so successful and accounts for India’s obsession with film. However, while film is a major part of Indian society, cinema does have its origins in the Western world. Salman Ru shdie uses intertextuality to portray how Indian society changes the Western influence of cinema to express Eastern culture and how cinema depicts the narrator Saleem as unreliable. Intertextuality is the process of deriving meaning from the ways in which texts stand in relation to each other. This is the theory that all authors imitate styles, themes, and ideas from previous writers and, therefore, no text is entirely original. Thais Morgan asserts in his article â€Å"The Space of Intertextuality† that there are two different levels of intertextuality: â€Å"influence† and â€Å"inspiration†. Morgan says, â€Å"Text A influences text B when the critic can demonstrate that B has ‘borrowed’ structure(s), theme(s), and/or image(s) from A ... ...ollywood films help strengthen motivations of characters and demonstrate the unreliable narration of Saleem. Lastly, the usage of cinematic language sets a tone of both romance and disbelief in the words of Saleem as he struggles with remembering a traumatic event from the past. In all three examples of cinema as intertext, Rushdie transgresses conventional uses of cinema and crafts new and unique ways for it to appear in the text. This establishes Midnight’s Children as an original contemporary work, relinquishing it from any claims of prior influence from previous texts. Works Cited Morgan, Thais. â€Å"The Space of Intertextuality.† Intertextuality and Contemporary American Fiction. Ed. Patrick O’Donnell and Robert Con Davis. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1989. 239-279. Rushdie, Salman. Midnight’s Children. London: Picador, 1982.

Dead and Breakfast Essay

The person who killed dusty could have been anyone of these people, they all had motive but only one of them was desperate enough to kill one of his closest friends. (7:20)The murderer must have been wearing gloves when he set the table again because he left traces of sodium, carbon, iron, and gold. When the Murderer saw his chance, he took it. 7:25)Right when the table had been set and no one was around he slipped the Potassium cyanide into Dustys cup. Now potassium cyanide is a hard thing to come by and only someone who had worked with it for many years would have known the right amount to give to Dusty to make him drop dead. (7:35) Dusty returns down stairs to finish his breakfast. (7:40) Dusty takes one drink then five minutes later he drops dead. Now let me fill you in on how all this evidence plays into this. Mr. Horace Throat had been experiencing some money problems with the mob and really need this auction to go well. Horace was counting on Dusty to help him out but when he let him down, he snapped. Horace had been working in metal finishing for many years and he used the same gloves as he did to work as he did to place the cyanide in the drink, which is how the traces of gold ended up on the table. Second Dusty was the only one of that group of people who had already had potassium cyanide on him because he was already doing work for Dusty. Horace Throat killed one of his closest friends and best buyers of many years just for money to pay off the mob.

Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Example

Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Example Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Post Open Heart Surgery Depression Essay Abstract The focus of this paper is to conclude a theory that presents an explanation as to why a large percentage of patients often develop depression post open-heart surgery. This theory will consider dynamic causes of depression including physiological, psychological, developmental, social, and spiritual factors of patient experiences. Post-Cardiovascular Surgery Depress Physiologic Stressors Depression is among one of the many risks involving any cardiac open-heart surgical procedure. The body is put under a tremendous amount of physical stress and could cause someone to feel the effects of depression. A saw is used to crack open the sternum, the muscles are stretched apart and the adjacent nerves are strained to expose the underlying body systems. The combination of broken bones, pulled muscles, and pinched nerves can cause extreme pain in the patient. The pain experienced by this procedure can deter patients from taking the necessary steps to rehabilitate themselves and from returning to their optimum state of wellness. The physical pain could prevent one from working with physical therapy, causing further muscle and mobility loss. The simple task of taking a deep breath may be far too painful for patients and potentially cause further problems such pneumonia. Patients are told after surgery their length of stay is four to five days so long as there are no complications. If patients are unable to return to their normal level of functioning they potentially would have to go to inpatient rehab, assisted living facilities or their length of stay may be increased before able to return home. Other common post operative complications such as dysrhythmias cause a patient’s length of stay in the hospital to be greater than anticipated which also contributes to their depressed mental state. Psychological Stressors Sometimes the greatest conflict a patient endures post open-heart surgery is the struggle between his or her own psyche and mentality. Pain, although may seem like a physical stressor actually can cause an adverse effect on a patient’s dignity and may shatter his or her confidence. Simple tasks such as taking deep breathing and preforming their minimum of four walks daily may cause the patient to view those tasks as impossible feats due to their pain and lack of confidence. An added stressor one may find difficult to accept is his or her altered body image. Open-heart surgeries leave a fairly large and noticeable mid-sternal incision and may cause the patient to become depressed about the change to their physical appearance. Developmental Stressors It is proven fact that post cardiothoracic surgical procedures cause a decline in cognitive function in patients that is potentially irreversible but in most causes resolves with in a few months after surgery (Fintel, 2011). This cognitive delay can cause unclear thinking and reasoning in patients preventing them from reaching reconstitution. The cognitive delay may present as frustration in patients but ultimately results in depression. Social Stressors Patients experience mental and physical stressors from open-heart surgery but also experience extra-personal stressors that are placed on their social life. Since patients are unable to drive, use their upper body for any type of strenuous activity, or lift anything greater than 5lbs for six to eight weeks post open-heart surgery, it is possible that the activity restrictions post-op put a damper on one’s spirit because he or she is unable to preform their usual activities needed for everyday life, fitness, work, etc. This causes patients to often feel that their independence is taken away and feel frustration for having to depend on others to do things for them, and an overwhelming sense of guilt for having to place their burden on others close to them, which are all factors that further contribute to his or her depressive state of mind. Patients often feel guilty and realize that their numerous amount of needs and support put a strain on others close to them, whether it is another family member or friend. Patient’s worry that the relationships they had pre-open heart surgery will never be the same due to their condition. It is important for patients to realize that a support system is so vital to their recovery and wellbeing. Spiritual Stressors Open-heart surgery will also try a patient’s spirituality. Patients may ask God, â€Å"why me? † and develop a sense of anger and or betrayal. This may cause he or she to feel forsaken and separated from God; this mistrust in God can further contribute to a patient’s loneliness and depression. The varying combinations of stressors mentioned above compromise a patients normal state of mind and can easily be attributed to their negative and depressed way of thinking which only makes sense to lash out against God. Hopefully a patient’s actions and mentality can be persuaded and enlightened by the nurse or others taking care of the patient. (Isaiah 41:10 KJV) â€Å"Don’t you be afraid, for I am with you. Don’t be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you. Yes, I will help you. Yes, I will uphold you with the right hand of my righteousness. † It is important for the patients to see their condition in a more positive and proactive light. This patient should view their surgery as a success through the power of God and as second chance to change their life style to improve their health and hopefully prevent the need for future surgical procedures. Conclusion The author speculates that post open-heart surgery depression is triggered by an array of stressors. The diverse stressors discussed above act in conjunction and almost create domino effect to cause a patient to feel overcome with depression. The physiological stressors trigger patients to become hopeless about their physical restrictions and cognitive dysfunction, which leads to self doubt, dependence on others which affects their psyche. The preceding psychological stress causes them to rely on family and friends for support and depression can stem from lack of support received or from guilt; which causes them to become reclusive to their former social domain. Finally when patients are feeling low and alone he or she may choose to blame God for their current predicament. There are many directions in which stressors can develop to cause depression in patients but the writer believes that it is the integration of all these stressors that further contribute to ones depressed state of mind. Discussion Question Do you think there are other causes of post open-heart surgery depression that I did not mention? If so, what else could help explain the cause? Do you support my theory?

How to Format A College Essay 15 Expert Tips

How to Format A College Essay 15 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips When you’re applying to college, even small decisions can feel high-stakes. This is especially true for the college essay, which often feels like the most personal part of the application. You may agonize over your college application essay format: the font, the margins, even the file format. Or maybe you’re agonizing over how to organize your thoughts overall. Should you use a narrative structure? Five paragraphs? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll go over the ins and outs of how to format acollege essayon both the micro and macro levels. We’ll discuss minor formatting issues like headings and fonts, then discuss broad formatting concerns like whether or not to use a five-paragraph essay, and if you should use a college essay template. How to Format a College Essay: Font, Margins, Etc. Some of your formatting concerns will depend on whether you will be cutting and pasting your essay into a text box on an online application form or attaching a formatted document. If you aren’t sure which you’ll need to do, check the application instructions. Note that the Common Application does currently require you to copy and paste your essay into a text box. Most schools also allow you to send in a paper application, which theoretically gives you increased control over your essay formatting. However, I generally don’t advise sending in a paper application (unless you have no other option) for a couple of reasons: Most schools state that they prefer to receive online applications. While it typically won’t affect your chances of admission, it is wise to comply with institutional preferences in the college application process where possible. It tends to make the whole process go much more smoothly. Paper applications can get lost in the mail. Certainly there can also be problems with online applications, but you’ll be aware of the problem much sooner than if your paper application gets diverted somehow and then mailed back to you. By contrast, online applications let you be confident that your materials were received. Regardless of how you will end up submitting your essay, you should draft it in a word processor. This will help you keep track of word count, let you use spell check, and so on. Now I’ll go over some of the concerns you might have about the correct college essay application format whetheryou're copying and pastinginto atext box or attaching a document, plus a few tips that apply either way: Plus, online submission doesn't require any stamps! If You'll Be Copy-and-Pasting Into a Text Box: The main thing when you copy and paste into a text box is to double- and triple-check that everything transferred over correctly. First, check that your whole essay transferred over and wasn’t cut off! Word counts can get messed up by wonky formatting or be counted differently in the text box, so be aware that you may need to make slight adjustments there. When you copy and paste, you may lose formatting like bold or italics. Sometimes bold and italics also just won’t work in the text box, so you may be better off just not using them. Your paragraph spacing may get messed up when you copy and paste your essay over. So make sure that all of your paragraphs are clearly delineated, either through tabs or through a skipped line if tabbing doesn’t work. Font will probably be standardized, but if it’s not, choose a standardfont like Times New Roman or Arial (you’ll probably have limited options anyways) and a normal size (12 pt). If You'reAttaching a Document: If you’re attaching a document, you have to be more concerned with the overall college essay format. Things like margins and spacing become more important. Use one-inch margins all around. This is standard and easy to read. While single-spaced essays are usually acceptable, your essay will be easier to read if it’s 1.5 or double-spaced. Clearly delineate your paragraphs. A single tab at the beginning is fine. Use a font that’s easy to read, like Times, Arial, Calibri, Cambria, etc. Avoid fonts like Papyrus and Curlz. And use 12 pt font. You may want to include a college essay heading with a page number and your application ID. Don’t include your name unless it’s specifically requested. Oftentimes, you’ll need to submit your college essay in a specific file format. The application may only accept certain versions of Word files (i.e. only .doc and not .docx), .rtf or .pdf files. So just be sure that you are saving your file in an accepted format before you upload it! I recommend .pdf files whenever possible, because they are uneditable and always look the same. Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now: Formatting Guidelines That Apply No Matter How You End Up Submitting the Essay: Unless it’s specifically requested, you don’t need a title. It will just eat into your word count. Avoid cutesy, overly colloquial formatting choices like ALL CAPS or ~unnecessary symbols~ or, heaven forbid, emoji and #hashtags. Your college essay should be professional, and anything too cutesy or casual will come off as immature. Keep these out of your essay! How To Structure Your College Essay Maybe you’re less concerned with the micro-level college essay format,like fonts, and more concerned with the macro-level format,like how to structure your college admissions essay. Is there’s some secret paragraph formula that will make writing easy and clearly express all of your strengths to an awestruck admissions committee? Sadly, no. However, the good news is that a college essay is actually a good opportunity to play with structure a little bit and break free from the five-paragraph essay. (You’re certainly not disallowed from writing a five-paragraph essay, but it’s by no means guaranteed to be the best college essay structure.) A good college essay is like a sandwich, where the intro and conclusion are the pieces of bread and whatever comes between them is the sandwich toppings. A sandwich without bread is a bad sandwich, but a good sandwich could have any number of things between the bread pieces. So you need a clear introduction that gives a pretty clear idea of where you will be going in the essay and a conclusion that wraps everything up and makes your main point clear. However, how you approach the middle part is up to you. You could structure your essay more like a narrative, relating an important experience from your life. You could use an extended analogy, where each paragraph is a part of the analogy. You want to adhere broadly to the wisdom that each paragraph should have an identifiable main idea, but a college essay is definitely a great chance to break free from the five-paragraph essay. For more in-depth advice on how to structure your essay, check out our expert step-by-step guide on tackling the essay. Mmm, delicious essay...I mean sandwich. Why College Essay Templates Are a Bad Idea You might see college essay templates online that offer guidelines on how to structure your essay and what to say in each paragraph. I strongly advise against using a template. It will make your essay sound canned and bland- two of the worst things a college essay can be. It’s much better to think about what you want to say, and then talk through how to best structure it with someone else and/or make your own practice outlines before you sit down to write. You can also find tons of successful sample essays online. Looking at these to get an idea of different styles and topics is fine, but again, I don’t advise closely patterning your essay after a sample essay. You will do the best if your essay really reflects your own original voice and the experiences that are most meaningful to you. College Application Essay Format: Key Takeaways There are two levels of formatting you might be worried about: the micro (fonts, headings, margins, etc) and the macro (the overall structure of your essay). Tips for the micro level of your college application essay format: Always draft your essay in a word processing software, even if you’ll be copy-and-pasting it over into a text box. If you are copy-and-pasting it into a text box, make sure your formatting transfers properly, your paragraphs are clearly delineated, and your essay isn’t cut off. If you are attaching a document, make sure your font is easily readable, your margins are standard 1-inch, your essay is 1.5 or double-spaced, and your file format is compatible with the application specs. There’s no need for a title unless otherwise specified- it will just eat into your word count. Tips for the macro levelof your college application essay format: There is no super-secret college essay format that will guarantee success. In terms of structure, it’s most important that you have an introduction that makes it clear where you’re going and a conclusion that wraps up with a main point. For the middle of your essay, you have lots of freedom, just so long as it flows logically! I advise against using an essay template, as it will make your essay sound stilted and unoriginal. Plus, if you use a college essay template, how will you get rid of these medieval weirdos? What's Next? Still feeling lost? Check out ourtotal guide to the personal statement, or see our step-by-step guide to writing the perfect essay. If you're not sure where to start, consider these tipsfor attention-grabbing first sentences to college essays! And be sure to avoid these 10 college essay mistakes. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Profiling Australian TSM as a Foreign Direct Investment Prospect Assignment - 1

Profiling Australian TSM as a Foreign Direct Investment Prospect - Assignment Example The tourism industry in Australia is still faced with challenges which impede the maximization of returns. In order for the sector to realize its potential, increased investments in hotel capacity, tourism infrastructure, and labor supply are highly required. These challenges are present opportunities for potential foreign direct investors to do business in such areas, including the aviation infrastructure, recreation, arts, and accommodation.Be that as it may, the level of optimism for investing in the tourism sector in Australia has tremendously improved in the last two years (Australia Trade Commission, 2013). Market size and development potential are important factors that influence the tourism service industry and FDI inflows.Australia rests within the world’, best performing tourism region, as well as the biggest global aviation market.The Australian government launched Tourism 2020, a programme intended to raise Australia’s overnight tourism expenditure to Aus$140 billion by 2020.The high growth economies of Asia present an opportunity for the flourishing of the tourism industry in Australia. In May 2014, accommodation occupancy in the capital city of Australia reached new peaks, surpassing 80 percent in Adelaide, Sydney, Perth, and Melbourne. Demand for accommodation is still on the rise, thereby boosting the hotel sectors (Australia Trade Commission, 2013).  High demand from Asia plays an important role in attaining growth in the global visitation of Australia. The Asian continent is recognized as the world’s fastest-growing market for tourists. This is necessi tated by stable economic growth, a developing urban and wealthy middle class, as well as the fastest growing aviation industry in the world.

Innovation & Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Innovation & Change - Essay Example According to Kwun and Cho (2001, p. 128) external sources are much influential than internal ones in change initiation. These external forces can be political, economic, social and technological. Talking about change specifically from the perspective of healthcare organizations, Harris (2005, p. 68-71) stated that government and other policy making authorities affect healthcare practices in a country; country’s GDP and government budget for health impacts cost of health; people’s perception and general culture of a country affects healthcare provision; and changes in ‘global technological and information innovation’ affect ‘clinical diagnosis and intervention, as well as management and communication strategies’ practiced by an healthcare organization. Hence like other organizations healthcare organizations are also influenced by external environment which in turn affects the way change and innovation is implemented in an organization. Defining change and innovation in healthcare, Lansisalmi et al (2006, p. 67) stated that it can be â€Å"new services, new ways of working and/or new technologies†. Continuing on same lines, Greenhalgh et al (2004, p. 582) stated that these improved ways, services or technologies â€Å"are directed at improving health outcomes, administrative efficiency, cost effectiveness, or users’ experience and are implemented by planned and coordinated actions†. While talking about change in the field of nursing, Langford (1981) explained that in the field of nursing a person may go through change as a participator in the change process, he/she may act as a target of change process or he/she may work as a change initiator. Loveridge and Cummings (1996, p. 380) explains that â€Å"the nurse may be going through change individually, may be trying to change a patient’s health habits, or may be experiencing reorganization in the work environment†. Langford (1981) affirms t hat for decades health care sector has been a field of rapid technological growth. Out of many types of change and innovation, this essay particularly focuses on technological innovations. Technological innovations can be broadly categorized as product innovation or process innovation. Product innovation is when new product or service is introduced whereas process innovation is when the change is brought about in the process through which the product is produced. This essay will focus on product innovation where the change introduced is Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure ventilation system (BIPAP), specifically the Evita Ventilator whose impact on the delivery of healthcare will be studied. Why the introduction of BIPAP was important and how it has benefited the healthcare delivery are a few focal areas of this essay. Moreover, the whole change process of introducing BIPAP from initiation to implementation and evaluation will be studied to present recommendations for strategy develop ment for implementing, monitoring and evaluating change in healthcare. Models and Theories of Change There are several models of change introduced by different researchers. Some of these models are for planned change whereas some are for unplanned change. Since the change implemented in my area of practice, that is, the introduction of BIPAP system, is a planned change different planned change models and theories are discussed in this section.